It Architecture St Guide 1844582

Which articulation best depicts the connection between Oracle Reference Architecture (ROR) and the Oracle items? A. ROR portrays the engineering worked in to the Oracle items. B. ROR depicts the design hidden the Oracle Fusion Applications. C. ROR portrays an item skeptic design and afterward maps the Oracle items onto the engineering. D. ROR depicts an engineering that is solely founded on Oracle items. Theme 3: Application InfrastructureExplain Introduction Oracle Reference Architecture application framework Describe Distributed Computing Concepts Describe Grid Computing Capabilities and Architectural Concepts Describe Cloud Computing Capabilities and Architectural Concepts Describe Fertilization and how it assumes a key job in the establishment foundation Describe the job of Containers in the Application Infrastructure Management abilities and how storing assumes a necessary job Create the Product Mapping View to outline items to the application framework layers Describe Data Prac titioner ROR Application Infrastructure FoundationSample Questions 1 . Select the most proper motivation behind why three-level engineering is a superior building decision than straightforward Client-Server design for complex venture applications. A. Three-level engineering utilizes three strings to run the applications, so execution is better. B. Three-level design utilizes a layered way to deal with discrete the preparing of business rationale, information, and presentation.This permits the levels to be autonomously scaled to amplify the speculation. C. Three-level engineering joins introduction, business rationale, and information handling into a solitary layer to dispose of system latencies. D. Three-level design moves all preparing to the customer, along these lines decreasing the heap on the server. 2. Which of coming up next is certainly not a trait of Cloud figuring? A. Multi-occupancy b. Versatile scaling c. Pay-for-use valuing d. Yearly provisioning Topic 4: Security Descr ibe Security Describe Application Security Describe Data Security Describe User Security Explain Common Security Strategies Describe Security Concepts and Capabilities Describe Common Security Standards Describe a Conceptual Architecture View of the Security layer Describe the Logical Architecture View of the Security layer Create the Product Mapping View to repay he Oracle items that guide to Security layers ROR security 1.There are various approaches to characterize applications so as to survey business chances and appoint proper security arrangements. Which of coming up next isn't depicted as an essential meaner to characterize an application? A. By the client network it serves, for example, HER, fund, all workers, overall population, etc b. By the data it handles, for example, arranged data, individual data, openly accessible data, etc c. Y business criticality, for example, income producing applications versus enlightening applications d. By innovation or potentially seller, fo r example, . NET versus Java, etc e. By the materialness of existing laws and guidelines relating to protection, evaluating, and get to control 2. Review logging is a type of what sort of access control instrument? A. Criminologist control b. Preventive control c. Obstruction control d. Remedial control e. Remunerating control f. Spreads control Topic 5: Engineering Review Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering, resource driven building and related measures Describe Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering Concepts and Capabilities Describe the Conceptual Architecture View model for Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering ND the abilities required for a designing foundation Use Logical Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering Architecture View segments of the designing condition and show how they are associated with one another Describe the Deployment Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering View bundling and sending related parts of Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering Create the Product Mapping View to show how Oracle items fit on to the sensible model to understand the building framework Describe Oracle Reference Architecture Engineering essential prescribed procedures ROR Software Engineering ROR Engineered Systems 1 . You are building up an incorporation part that utilizes client information. The source framework characterizes client information in an unexpected arrangement in comparison to anticipated. Which of the accompanying choices best portrays how you would build up the segment? A. Make an item portrayal of client information and use it in the segment. B. Externalities the information change by mapping the source information organization to an authoritative information position. C. The information positions are unique, so it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to build up the part. D. Compose the information from the source framework into a database and read it back in the normal format.Topic 6: Integration Explain Service-arr anged incorporation ND how this varies from progressively customary coordination approaches Describe rules that ought to be met by any engineering that implies to help a Service-situated way to deal with combination Create Logical Architecture View segments of the Information Management condition Describe Development View of Service-situated Integration Describe Process View of Service-situated Integration Create the Product Mapping View to outline how Oracle items can be utilized to understand the design Use Service-arranged Integration's joining examples and message trade examples to distinguish best methodologies or mix situations ROR Service-arranged Integration 1 . Which proclamation best depicts the connection between the Service-arranged Integration (SO') design and the Application Integration Architecture (AI) item from Oracle? A. Artificial intelligence is an item explicit usage of the OSI design. B. Computer based intelligence is a conventional Enterprise Application Integ ration (EAI) engineering; hence AI doesn't follow the OSI design. C. Computer based intelligence is an Oracle item that maps to a portion of the layers and capacities characterized by the OSI design. D.AI is one of numerous Oracle items that maps onto the OSI design. . Which explanation best portrays how Service-situated Integration (SO') varies from customary Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)? A. OSI is Just similar to EAI aside from that a help transport is utilized rather than a center point or message transport. B. OSI is not quite the same as center based EAI, however is equivalent to EAI utilizing a message transport. C. OSI utilizes a point-to-point incorporation approach dependent on the Web Services industry measures. D. OSI utilizes SO Services that are discrete and particular from the applications being coordinated. E. EAI coordinates applications though SO incorporates SO Services. Gatherings. 2012 Oracle Corporation †Proprietary a Confidential Topic 7: Manag ement and Monitoring Explain Management and Visibility Gap Describe Common Management and Monitoring Standards Describe Key Management and Monitoring Capabilities Describe Conceptual View model for Management and Monitoring and the capacities required for a Management and Monitoring foundation Identify the Logic View segments of the Management and Monitoring condition Create the Product Mapping View to represent how Oracle items can be utilized to understand the design Describe how the Deployment View characterizes how Oracle items may be conveyed to physical equipment ROR Management and Monitoring 1 . Which of coming up next are capacities given by the Monitoring Engine inside the Logical perspective on the Management and Monitoring design? A. Asset Monitor b. Framework Monitor c. Assortment Monitor d. Administration Monitor 2. When mapping Oracle Products onto the Logical view, what is the best methodology? A. Use the executives packs, connectors, and modules to make a redid item mapping for the Logical view. B.Use Oracle Enterprise Manager to give center capacities required by the three layers for Oracle stack, and use the executives packs, connectors, and modules for non-Oracle stack. C. Utilize an Oracle Enterprise Manager item to give all the abilities required by the three layers in the Management and Monitoring design. D. Utilize an outsider to give all abilities required by the three layers in the Management and Monitoring design. Gatherings. 0 2012 Oracle Corporation †Proprietary and Confidential Topic 8: Service Orientation Explain the major ideas of the Oracle Reference Architecture Describe how Definition of a Service gives an unambiguous meaning of Service Oriented Architecture Service utilized as a structure hinder with a Service Oriented ArchitectureDescribe how Combining Technology Perspectives characterizes how extraordinary Enterprise Technology Strategies can be consolidated by following the fundamental ideas of Oracle Reference Archit ecture ROR Service Orientation 1 . The Oracle Reference Architecture (ROR) incorporates the idea of Technology Perspectives. Which proclamations are genuine concerning ROR and Technology Perspectives? A. Every Technology Perspective spotlights on a specific arrangement of items and innovation. B. A Technology Perspective incorporates both reference engineering sees just as down to earth direction and approaches for effectively actualizing he changes required to grasp the items and innovation. C. The Technology Perspectives can be utilized independently or in mixes, for instance, SO with Bal. D. The Technology Perspectives can be utilized separately or in combinations.When utilized in blends, the SO Technology Perspective must be incorporated . E. Every Technology Perspective is a piece of ROR and is a piece of an Enterprise Technology Strategy; I. E. A Technology Perspective is the association among ROR and an Enterprise Technology Strategy. 2. Which of coming up next are instances of the administration and perceivability hole between he customarily checked IT foundation assets and the Services? A. On-going Shift to Move to an Agile Shared Service Co

Napster Wars essays

Napster Wars papers A youthful Shaun Fanning, going to class in secondary school in Harwich, Massachusetts had two loves: 1) Sports ( baseball, b-ball, and tennis ) and 2) PCs. As his interest developed for PCs, he chose to stop his game playing, and invest a large portion of his energy working with PCs. He fundamentally centered around two parts of the PC, programming and the Internet. His PC interest developed into a fixation all through secondary school. His first year at Northeast University in 1998 was spent attempting to enter software engineering classes higher than the passage level. Not discovering anything testing about the courses, he chose to begin composing a Windows based program in his extra time. He began investing energy in IRC visit rooms with experienced software engineers who knew the little-known techniques. Shauns flat mate cherished MP3s, yet despised the shakiness of old destinations, and scanning interminably for melodies that were normally not by any means accessible. In light of this, and his creating abilities as a software engineer and his interest for the web, Shaun chose to compose the Beta for Napster. He utilized the possibility of all clients being associated with one focal PC server, yet all approaching every others music records. He needed a persistently refreshed rundown of melodies to look over. He composed a little form and appropriated it to loved ones. The outcomes were all positive. He had individual software engineers distinguish bugs, and impeccable the program. Napster got its huge break, when it was included as Download.coms highlighted download. The framework would be progressive, he thought. A sharp difference to the customary web indexes, this network would be client fueled, in view of on what the clients need to impart to different clients. After the promotion on Download.com, Napsters client tally soar. Shaun was on the correct way. How inventive! This innovativeness would before long go to disturbance (Fanning ... <!

The Best of Audibles As You Wish Sale

The Best of Audibles As You Wish Sale Until September 2nd, Audible members can purchase over 200 titles for $5.95 each (Not a member? Start a free trial and get two free audiobooks here). Here is a roundup of some of the most exciting inclusions: Biography Memoir Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? by Mindy Kaling Kaling’s memoir follows the actress from her childhood as the daughter of immigrant parents to her television career  and discusses her observations on life, romance, and Hollywood. Me Talk Pretty One Day by David Sedaris The only thing better than reading David Sedaris is listening to David Sedaris read David Sedaris. Me Talk Pretty One Day includes an essay about learning French that will ring true for anyone who has ever been in a language class. Everything Happens for a Reason: And Other Lies I’ve Loved by Kate Bowler Kate Bowler is a professor at Duke Divinity School with a new baby and an academic focus on the “American prosperity gospel” in which everything happens for a reason. When she is diagnosed with Stave IV colon cancer, she tries to learn to surrender control and to make the most of the time she has. Classics Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie Hercule Poirot investigates an ingenious crime in which everyone has a motive. This version of the classic mystery features a full-cast of narrators. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain The classic story of Tom Sawyer’s adventures on the banks of the Mississippi and what happens when they accidentally witness a murder. This audiobook is narrated by Nick Offerman. Anna Karenina  by Leo Tolstoy This version of the classic novel of doomed love and life in nineteenth century Russia is narrated by Maggie Gyllenhaal. Business The Life-Changing Magic of Not Giving a  F*ck by Sarah Knight This parody of The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up instructs readers in a two-step mental decluttering designed to rid oneself of unwanted shame and guilt. Get Your Sh*t Together  is also currently on sale. Start: Punch Fear in the Face, Escape Average, Do Work That Matters by Jon Acuff Wall Street Journal bestselling author Jon Acuff discusses getting unstuck and finding meaning in a world in which people now have two or three different careers in a lifetime. Per Acuff, there are only two paths in life: average and awesome. Here are some tips for being awesome a little more often. Unstuff Your Life: Kick the Clutter Habit and Completely Organize Your Life for Good by Andrew Mellen Professional organizer Andrew Mellen believes that we must distinguish ourselves from our possessions and provides a step-by-step guide to create order in even the most disorganized homes. Mystery Thriller IQ by Joe Ide IQ is the first book in a series about a loner and high school dropout who has the skills and intellect to solve the crimes in his neighborhood that the LAPD ignores. The Last Mrs. Parrish by Liv Constantine Amber Patterson envies Daphne Parrish, who has everything she feels she lacks. In this psychological thriller, Amber finds a way to get close to Daphne and, perhaps, to get everything she’s ever wanted. A Study in Scarlet Women by Sherry Thomas A series of unexpected deaths leaves Charlotte Holmes’ father and sister under suspicion. Under the assumed name Sherlock Holmes, Charlotte must go up against an unseen adversary to clear her family’s name. Fiction Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi Homegoing is a multigenerational story of two half-sisters from different villages, one of whom is sold into slavery and the other of whom remains in Ghana, and follows the lives of their descendants in Ghana and America. Less by Andrew Sean Greer Winner of the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. To avoid the wedding of his boyfriend of the past nine years, Arthur Less accepts every invitation he has received to literary events around the world. A Little Life by Hanya Yanagihara Malcolm, Willem, JB, and Jude are four friends from college who begin their adult lives together in New York. The novel traces the changes in their relationships over the coming decades and the challenges faced by Jude in particular, whose troubled past follows him into adulthood. Romance That Month in Tuscany by Inglath Cooper When Lizzy Harper is stood up for her anniversary trip by her husband she throws herself a pity party on the plane to Italy and then, due to turbulence, literally falls into the lap of rock star Ren Sawyer. The two feel an undeniable pull between them and a connection that might just heal them both. Dark Witch by Nora Roberts Iona Sheehan arrives in County Mayo, Ireland and finds her cousins Branna and Connor O’Dwyer. She also meets Boyle McGrath, the owner of the stable where she is working and finds herself falling for him. But nothing is as it seems there is an ancient evil connected to Ionas family that must be defeated. The first book in the Cousins O’Dwyer trilogy. Man Hands by Sarina Bowen and Tanya Eby Thirty-four and divorced, Brynn has no interest in trying to meet anyone new. A bet with some friends and the sudden appearance of her ex at a party causes her to throw herself at Tom, the first single man she sees. She disappears immediately afterwards but Tom is determined to find her. Sci-Fi and Fantasy Binti by Nnedi Okorafor Binti is the first of the Himba people to be accepted to study at Oomza University, the finest institution of higher learning in the galaxy. If she attends, she will live among strangers who do not share her ways . In order to make it to the University, she must travel within reach of the Meduse, an alien race that has long warred with the University. The Water Knife by Paolo Bacigalupi In a world where water is dwindling, Angel “cuts” water for his boss, Catherine Case, so that luxurious homes can continue to be built in the desert while poorer communities suffer. While investigating a new water source, he encounters Lucy Monroe, a journalist, and Maria Villarosa, a young refugee. They must band together to survive in a world where water is more valuable than gold. Shift by Hugh Howey The sequel to the bestselling Wool series, Shift is about the discovery of a hardware and software platform that can allow robots smaller than human cells to make diagnoses, conduct repairs, and self-propagate. At the same time a pill is discovered that can wipe out the memory of traumatic events. Mankind discovers the means to bring about its own downfallâ€"and can make sure that the population forgets it ever happened. Nonfiction So You Want to Talk About Race by Ijeoma Oluo So You Want to Talk About Race is a contemporary, accessible take on the American racial landscape and includes issues such as privilege, the Black Lives Matter movement, micro-aggressions, and police brutality. The Triumph of Seeds: How Grains, Nuts, Kernels, Pulses, and Pips Conquored the Plant Kingdom and Shaped Human History by Thor Hanson From the Fall of Rome to the Arab Spring, this microhistory covers the fundamental importance of seeds to human life and human history. Tribe: On  Homecoming and Belonging by Sebastian Junger A critical look at post-traumatic stress disorder and the challenges faced by returning veterans, Sebastian Junger looks at the ancient tribal human behaviors and how at odds they are in today’s world. Kids YA To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before by Jenny Han When Lara Jean Song Covey’s has a crush on a boy, she writes a letter to help her get over it. When her letters end up in the mail, her love life is suddenly no longer imaginary. Turtles All the Way Down by John Green Friends Aza and Daisy investigate the case of a missing billionaire while Aza struggles with her own obsessive thoughts and her feelings for the billionaire’s son. Wonder by R.J. Palacio Born with a facial difference, Auggie has never been to school before. The perspective in Wonder switches from Auggie to his friends, parents, and siblings as they learn about acceptance, compassion, and differences. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world.

Charles Dickens Essay - 1932 Words

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens is the greatest English writer that ever lived. He was one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. Surely no English author is so well known and so widely read, translated and remembered as Charles Dickens. He fame is well deserved. From the pen of this great author came such characters as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bob Cratchit and Tiny Tim, Mr. Pickwick, and Little Nett. Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth and spent most of his childhood in London and Kent, both of which appear frequently in his novels. Charles Dickens was the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens worked as a clerk at the Navy pay office in Portsmouth. Charles, the†¦show more content†¦Charles Dickens decided he wanted to become a reporter. He purchased a copy of Gurneys Brachgraphy and taught himself shorthand. At the age of sixteen, Charles Dickens found work as a court reporter. Later he joined the Mirror of Parliament, a newspaper that reported the daily proceedings of Parliament. Perhaps developing the power of precise description made his creative writing so detailed, descriptive, and outstanding. Dickens became interested in the subject of social reform and started contributing articles to the radical newspaper, the True Sun. Despite having to charge the heavy tax imposed on newspapers, the True Sun sold 30,000 copies a day. In his articles, Dickens used his knowledge of what went on in the House of Commons to help make changes in parliament. Charles Dickens was pleased when Parliament eventually agreed to pass the 1832 Reform Act. In 1833 Charles Dickens had his first story published in the Monthly Magazine. Using the pen name of Boz, Dickens also began contributing short stories to the Morning Chronicle and the Evening Chronicle. These stories were so popular that they were collected together and published as a book entitled Sketches by Boz. In 18 35 he met and became engaged to Catherine Hogarth. Dickens earned enough money to marry Catherine Hogarth on April 2, 1836. During the same year he became editor of Bentleys Miscellany, published the second series of Sketches by Boz, and met JohnShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Biography1626 Words   |  7 Pagesattention to the childhood cruelty, the less fortunate in an English society, and the unwealthy dysfunctional families of the early Victorian time period. Charles Dickens reflects these and other issues as he brings to life the realism of writing. While others were writing about the way things should be, rather than the way things were, Dickens was challenging these ideas, and argued that paupers and criminals were not evil at birth. This was an act of rebellion, for he in fact was showing the VictorianRead MoreCharles Dickens Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens was an astounding author and titan of English literature throughout the Victorian era. Dickens was re markably known for his early years, his career, and his life tragedies. During his career Dickens achieved worldwide popularity, winning acclaim for his rich storytelling and memorable characters. Dickens will forever be remembered as a literary genius who changed the world with his vivid novels and his superb stories. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on February 7, 1812,Read MoreRevenge, By Charles Dickens988 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Eisold Mrs. Dorman English 3rd 7 March 2017 Research paper There has been a point in everybody s life where they want to get back at someone for something they have done. In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens there are many forms of revenge, but they cannot be justified. Some specific points of revenge is the murder of Foulon, the plot against Lucie and little Lucie, and the plot against the Evermonde family for the murder of Madame Defarge s siblings. First, we need to find outRead MoreBiography on Charles Dickens627 Words   |  2 Pageselder Dickens was transfered several times, first to London, then to Chatham, and finally, in 1822, back to London, where the family lived in Camden Town. John Dickens was constantly in debt, and in 1824 he was imprisoned in Marshalsea debtors prison (Southwark). Charles was forced to leave school at the age of 12 and go to work in a bootblack factory to help support the Dickens family.It was his personal experience of factory work and the living conditions of the poor that created in Dickens theRead More3.03b Charles Dickens665 Words   |  3 PagesCharles Dickens Questions 1. From the biography, what incident changed Dickens life and helped to shape him as a writer?  · His father was imprisoned and he was forced to work at Warren’s Blacking Factory 2. How old do you think Pip is?  · Seven 3. Quote the specific language in the selection that leads you to this conclusion.  · â€Å"As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regardingRead More Charles Dickens Essay2085 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was born February 7, 1812, in Ports Mouth, Hampshire. In his infancy his family moved to Chatham, where he spent his happiest years and often refers to this time in his novels (1817-1822). From 1822 to 1860 he lived in London, after which he permanently moved to a quiet country cottage in Glads Hill, on the outskirts of Chatham. He grew up in a middle class family. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office and was well paid, but hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Dickens 1765 Words   |  8 Pagestowards her Maker (Oliver Twist, Dickens 302 revised). Throughout Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens uses his characters and props to symbolize purity, even though the environment would seem to denote everything and everyone. Incontro-vertibly, some certainly conform to their environment; for example, as part of the lower class, Fagin and Sikes turn to thieving, lying, and even murder, instead of earning an honest living. Throughout the first half of the book, Dickens leads one to believe Nancy followsRead MoreCharles Dickens Essay2389 Words   |  10 PagesBiographical Summary Charles Dickens is one of the most influential writers in history and was â€Å"born in Landport, now part of Portsmouth, on February 7th, 1812†(Priestly 5). Despite being the successful writer that he was in life, Dickens had very humble beginnings and because his Father, John Huffman Dickens, â€Å"lacked the money to support his family adequetly† , Dickens lived in poverty through out most of his childhood (Collins). Matters only got worse, however, when Dickens’s Father had toRead MoreCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol1613 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol: Famed British author, Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. He was the second of eight children, living in a poor neighborhood in London. His parents were John Dickens, a naval clerk, who always lived beyond his means. Married to his mother Elizabeth Dickens, who aspired to be a teacher and a school director. Dickens went to William Giles’ school in Chatham, Kent, for approximately one year before his father’s money habitsRead MoreCharles Dickens And The Victorian Era1643 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and the Victorian Era The various themes and ideas of the Victorian era are perfectly showcased in the many novels and short stories of Charles Dickens. The writers of the Victorian era produced an enormous amount of the greatest novels to ever be written- those that were realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. They, more often than not, showed the characteristics of the different social classes in society. Generally humorous

COLL100 QUIZ 2 - 1491 Words

Question 1 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points What is the location of the page number on any APA formatted page? A.Top right hand side of the paper and in the header. B.Top left hand side of the paper and in the header. C.Bottom right hand side of the paper and in the footer. D.Bottom left hand side of the paper and in the footer. Question 2 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points If the copyright date of a source is not provided then you should A.simply not include the date in either the reference or citation. B.omit the date in the citation but use the acronym n.d. (no date) in the reference page. C.use the acronym n.d. (no date) in both the citation and reference. D.bold the source. Question 3 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Read this section of text from†¦show more content†¦D.All of the above. Feedback: (answer located on slide 2 of the Citations PowerPoint slide show) Question 11 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points From the APUS Plagiarism Policy (2014): â€Å"Plagiarism is the adoption or incorporation of another’s ideas without proper attribution of the source. It is more simply defined as taking the writings of another person or people and representing them to be one’s own† and, therefore: A.It is the student’s obligation to read, understand, and comply with the University System’s plagiarism policy. B.It is acceptable to use someone else’s paper and turn it in as your own. C.You only need to credit sources when writing a research paper, not any other format or style or writing. D.As long as you rearrange the words from another person or people you don’t have to give credit. Question 12 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points In an APA formatted reference, a journal name and the volume number of the journal are italicized. True False Feedback: (answer located in the Citation and Plagiarism PowerPoint, APA Guide from the APUS Library, and the Basics of APA Style Tutorial) Question 13 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points In an APA formatted paper the page containing information about the sources that were cited is titled _______________________. A.References B.Works Cited C.Compilation of Sources D.Bibliography Question 14 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Please read the following original text from the 2014 APUS Student

The Collapse of Ronan Point Free Essays

string(119) " level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level\." Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the perceived failures associated with the famous collapse of Ronan Point on 16 May, 1968. Following a gas explosion, an entire corner of the 22 storey tower block in East London collapsed, killing 4 people and injuring 17. In order to analyse the failures that occurred, the paper will firstly look at the history of the building, its design and construction, before looking at the collapse itself and the perceived failures that were identified after the event. We will write a custom essay sample on The Collapse of Ronan Point or any similar topic only for you Order Now The building was named after the chairman of the housing committee of the relevant London Borough, Newham, and was one of many tower blocks built during the 1960s in a budget-driven and affordable way to deal with the growing demand for affordable housing in the region (Levy and Salvadori 1992). The very ethos of this affordable housing and the use of cheaper materials and cheaper construction approaches is arguably one of the first and fundamental contributory factors to the disaster (Griffiths et al 1968). Design and Construction The actual design and construction of the building was mooted as far back as the end of World War II, when much of the housing available in the London region was destroyed as a result of the war and there was a rapid demand for a large amount of housing. Other factors such as a lack of skilled labourers, as well as the changing housing policy which enabled multi-stories to be established, created a demand for the design and construction of buildings such as the one in question here. A prefabricated construction technique was used which involved the creation of much of the high-rise building which was then transported to the area for final construction (Cagley, 2003). The actual construction approach that was used here was that of the Larsen-Nielsen system which was composed of factory-built, precast concrete components designed to minimise on-site construction work. Walls, floors and stairways are all precast. â€Å"All units, installed one-story high are load bearing† (ENR, 1968 at p.54). Although this system was tried and tested, the approach was not designed to be used in a building of more than 6 storeys high. However, the building of this tower block was 22 storeys high and there was no recognition, at the construction phase, that this could potentially jeopardise the validity of the construction technique. The basic construction approach involved a precast concrete structure frame, with each floor of the multi-storey building being supported by the load-bearing walls directly beneath each other, floor upon floor (Bignell et al 1977). Collapse The collapse itself happened at 5:45 am in the morning when the tenant of one of the apartments on the 18th floor lit a match, unbeknownst that there had been a gas leak overnight. By lighting the match, an explosion took place and this ended up damaging the load-bearing wall which was present on the 18th floor and was acting as the only support for the corner of the 19th floor. When the corner of the 19th floor collapsed, this had the effect of the 20th floor collapsing. Once the floors above had already collapsed the pressure on the floors became unbearable and the domino effect continued downward, destroying the entire corner of the building (Delatte, 2009). The way in which the collapse took place meant that, essentially, it destroyed a portion of the living room all the way down the building, but left the bedrooms intact in most cases, with the exception of floors 17 to 22 the room which were in the immediate vicinity of the explosion. It was on these floors that all of the fata lities happened and due to the fact that the explosion had taken place early in the morning, the majority of the individuals who were in their bedrooms were unaffected (Delatte, 2009). Perceived Failures When looking at the perceived failures and causes of failure, it can be seen that the analysis is largely split into two distinct areas: first, considering the immediate cause of failure; the second looking at the fundamental flaws in the design and construction of the building that allowed such a dramatic reaction to the immediate event (Griffiths et al 1968). The actual investigation into the event which took place involved a government panel which was formed in order to look at the causes of failure and to consider whether or not there were other buildings which potentially could suffer from a similar eventuality, in the future. As stated previously, the construction approach taken for Ronan Point was replicated in many other buildings, with eight other exact replicas in occupation. Therefore, establishing the reason for the collapse is crucially important (Pearson and Delatte, 2003) One of the key factors that took contributed in the immediate event itself was found to be a substandard connection used in order to connect the gas stove in the relevant apartment. Whilst this meant that the gas leak had presented itself in a way that would not have been likely, had they used a different connection, as well as having the incorrect connection, it was found that over tightening had occurred during installation. This probably weakened the connection and allowed gas to leak out. Despite this, the evidence gathered suggested that the explosion itself was not substantial, as there was no permanent damage to the hearing of the individual in the apartment. This suggests that relatively little pressure was involved, although there was sufficient pressure to move the external walls of the building and to create a progressive collapse within the building (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). Broadly speaking, the progressive collapse is thought to have occurred due to the fact that there was a lack of alternate load paths available and there was no support for the structural frame available on the higher floors (Wearne, 2000). This meant that when there was an explosion on level 18, this took out the only support so that the floors above level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level. You read "The Collapse of Ronan Point" in category "Essay examples" Perceived failures, can be split into two distinct categories, the first being the cause of the explosion itself; the second looking at the repercussions of the explosion, which were extensive, given the magnitude of the explosion, which was relatively low. Procedure and Project Management Unsurprisingly, as a result of the collapse here, building codes, guidelines and regulations were advised not only in the United Kingdom, but across the globe. The building regulations, changed in 1970, state that any building with more than four storeys needs to have a design structure in place that would resist a progressive collapse of this nature (Pearson and Delatte, 2005, pp. 175). Apart from the construction mechanisms themselves, there were also concerns that failures had occurred in the project management, as well as failures to check procedures. The gaps between the floors and in the walls meant that the building had not been established in a way that was part of the original design and planning. In addition to the actual failure in the design of the property, concerns were also raised in the report in relation to the need for quality control of the construction processes taking place. For example, it was proven that during the construction, certain design factors had been ignored, with unfilled gaps between the floors and walls, throughout the premises, which meant that the building had little in the way of separation between the flats. Furthermore, in high rise buildings of this type, a relatively narrow staircase is acceptable, as there is thought to be enough fire protection between the floors. In the absence of this fire protection, narrow staircases w ould be unacceptable, in the event of a fire or explosion of this nature. Key Failures The analysis above indicates that there are several failures which together created the dramatic collapse at Ronan Point. These are: social pressures on the construction company to establish a large amount of housing accommodation, rapidly and cheaply; the use of constructions not aimed at high storey buildings of this nature; failures to put in place methods whereby there was no secondary support structure in place, in the event of a failure with any of the load-bearing walls; failures with the processes being followed, which resulted in the wrong processes being followed in the connection of the gas pipes, as well as other omissions during the construction process, with the failure to follow the design provided. It can be seen, that the project management would have, at least in part, dealt with many of these failures and would have either prevented the explosion, in the first place, or would have seriously reduced the impact of the explosion, once it did take place. The crucial factor in this analysis is that the explosion itself was relatively minor, yet the repercussions were large and it is this chain of events that requires attention when it comes to better project management, in the future. Recommendations for Better Project Management Certain failures took place at the design phase, when the design construction of the premises was selected, yet was not entirely suitable for a 22 storey building. This was arguably the first and crucial failure which could have been avoided with further research into the limitations of this design. However, the main focus of the recommendations presented here is in relation to the project management process, from the point at which the design was presented for the construction, to the point at which the building was completed (Pearson and Delatte, 2005). At the outset, when the project team came together, there was an opportunity to run scenarios and to check the validity of the chosen construction, given the design that were being presented and the need to establish a 22 storey building. By running these types of scenarios, it is likely that it would become apparent that the chosen construction design was simply inappropriate. Even without this element of the project management being undertaken and risk assessments being carried out, the next stage of the project management should have involved a strong quality control check for every aspect of the work. The fundamental design of the building was proven to be flawed; however, there were also errors during the actual construction phase, for example the use of the wrong connections when it came to the gas pipes installed. Although this, in itself, did not lead to the catastrophic collapse of part of the building, it did create a minor gas explosion which started the chain of events. Quality control processes at every phase of construction and fitting would have potentially prevented the chain of events from emerging, in the first place (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). Next Steps and Conclusions Bearing this in mind, there are several proposed changes and next steps which could be taken to prevent a similar failure happening in the future. Firstly, although the design used was accepted during this era, it was known that it would simply not be appropriate for the type of building which was being planned. This should have been noted, at the outset, with additional safety structures then planed so as to prevent this type of progressive collapse from taking place. Secondly, worst-case scenarios should be run, at the outset, to enable the project managers to ascertain whether any weaknesses existed. Moreover, although the rest of collapse in this case resulted in the building being destroyed, it was also not able to withstand strong winds and this also, ultimately, could have resulted in the building becoming uninhabitable. By running scenarios, such as high winds or explosion, these issues would have been highlighted and changes in the design could have been incorporated, from the outset (Pearson and Delatte 2003). Finally, quality control during the construction process was also not suitable. This should have been done with much greater consistency, to ensure that the smaller processes, such as the fitting of connections, was carried out to an appropriate standard, thus preventing the minor incident that ultimately led to the overall disaster. By following these clear project management approaches and ensuring that an individual was put in place, in order to manage quality and control, as well as any variables in this area, the collapse of the building could have been avoided, or at least the cause of the collapse mitigated against, so as not to cause loss of life and injury. References Bignell, V., Peters, J., and Pym, C. (1977). Catastrophic failures. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, New York. Cagley, J. R. (2003, April). The design professional’s concerns regarding progressive collapse design. Building Sciences, 27, 4-6. Delatte, N. J. (2009). Beyond failure: Forensic case studies for civil engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 97-106. Engineering News Record (ENR). (1968). â€Å"Systems built apartment collapse.† ENR, May 23, 1968, 54. Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. G., and Saunders, O. (1968). Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Levy, M., and Salvadori, M. (1992). Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. W.W. Norton, New York, 76-83. Pearson, C., and Delatte, N. (2003). Lessons from the Progressive Collapse of the Ronan Point Apartment Tower. In Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Third Congress, edited by Paul A. Bosela, Norbert J. Dellate, and Kevin L. Rens, ASCE, Reston, VA., pp. 190-200. Pearson, C.,and Delatte, N. J. (2005) Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and Its Effect on Building Codes. J. Perf. of Constr. Fac., 19(2), 172-177. Shepherd, R., and Frost, J. D. (1995). Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation, and Geoenvironmental Case Studies, ASCE, New York. Wearne, P. (2000). Collapse: When Buildings Fall Down, TV Books, L.L.C., New York, 137-156. How to cite The Collapse of Ronan Point, Essay examples

Is Booking Travel over the Internet Causing the Decline of High Street Travel Agents free essay sample

Is booking travel over the internet causing the decline of high street travel agents? During the decade leading up to 2007, ways of buying tourism products as changed a lot. Ten years ago people choosing a holiday more often than not a package holiday, by going to the travel agent and choosing one from a number of brochures and after chatting with the travel agent. Many people still chose this method but a lot more people are buying packing holidays, more people now buy online, or over the telephone, through teletext. People tended to find it cheaper to and more flexible to buy their flights from one internet site, their accommodation from another and book a hire car with another site, rather than buying a package holiday out of a tour operators brochure. They are not always financially, protected when booking travel separately. Holidaymakers are turning their backs on the traditional high-street travel agent in favour of booking trips online, reports sundayherald. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Booking Travel over the Internet Causing the Decline of High Street Travel Agents? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page com. Between 2000 and 2004 there was an 11% drop in the number of bookings made at travel agents, with only 47% of overseas holidays now being reserved through a high street travel agency, according to figures from market researchers Mintel. Many people book breaks by phone, and just 31% of overseas trips were booked in person in 2004, says the report. The research shows that traditional sun, sand and sangria package holidays are the main type of trip booked on the high street, with just one in five domestic trips booked at travel agencies. Richard Cope, international travel analyst at Mintel, reportedly said consumer confidence in the internet was driving people away from booking in person. Mintels research shows that almost one in five UK holidays are now booked online, with consumers becoming increasingly confident about making their own travel arrangements. Mintel figures also indicated that, overall, more holidays are being taken. In 2004 65% of British people went on holiday, compared to 62% in 2000. Some 44% of holidaymakers now take more than one holiday a year, up 14% since 2000. Altogether, Britons took 43 million holidays abroad in 2004. http://www. m-travel. com/news/2005/10/number_of_booki. html Technological changes within tourism surround several different factors from medical advances to the innovative space tourism. Similar to tourism, technology is an ever changing and sometimes unstable business. Better communication, transport and safety have encouraged new consumers to the industry. Improvements in water supply, medicine and knowledge have meant areas are opened up which were not possible before technological advances. In today’s society in which a consumer wants easier, quicker and cheaper service only technology has helped tourism fulfil the customers demand. Another massive effect on tourism is the rapid increase in online booking that has given consumers more opportunity to make a holiday. Through technological advances, online booking has been one of the biggest factors in affecting tourism, leisure and recreation in today’s world. There were 37,600,000 Internet users in the United Kingdom (representing 62. % of the population) in March 2007, according to Internet World Stats. This was up by 144. 2% compared to 2000. (Internet World Stats, March 2007) and a new Google Survey has shown that surfing the web has topped watching television as Britain’s favourite past time. On average residents in the UK spend 164 minutes online every day compared to 148 minutes watching television (Daily Mail, Friday 10th March 2006). This shows how much the internet is now an integral part of life and has had an effect on other aspects influencing the tourism business. More and more people are now booking their holiday on the internet, as many people are looking for a better priced deal than they’re being offered by their travel agent. Both holiday and airline bookings have not dramatically rose in sales from the travel slump of 2001-02 due to the massive consequences of September 11th and the threat of terrorism which has increased (it saw similar slumps although smaller after the Madrid bombings and 7/7 terrorist attacks). The Iraq war, the SARS/bird flu epidemics and very consistent hot European summers have persuaded the usual long haul travellers to stay at home. This has seen a loss in sales and therefore profits causing one of the hardest aviation crises of the industry. The number of job cuts that were announced in 2003/04 was well over 100,000 according to BBC News, November 2005. Routes had been slashed and several European carriers were barely clinging to life. The turmoil in the industry went from Aer Lingus to XL Airways, but times were changing and the industry needed something new. Survival tactics started to emerge and online travel started to show evidence of bucking this gloomy trend. The Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), as cited in a May 21, 2002, Financial Times article had cited for many years that online spending was increasing and predicted it to triple at the end of the decade. Looking at e-commerce data overall, the firm counted travel as the biggest online sector, followed by electronic products and apparel. IMRG also said British shoppers were buying larger and more expensive goods online, such as furniture and kitchen appliances. This showed a large gap in the sub-market that needed to be exploited. Online Travel Spend ($bn) Europe N. AmericaU. K 20002. 4 6. 4 0. 20015. 8 11. 00 1. 8 200212. 7 18. 7 3. 7 Source: Datamonitor At the start of the boom these were seen as survival tactics by the airlines and the government also pushed for more progress in online booking to make the travel industry more prosperous. The economic realities forced travel companies to be more efficient in running their business. Websites, for example were able to promote the latest ticket prices, particularly at a time when they were being slashed on a day-to-day basis which was used to tempt travelers back into the air. Similarly travel sites e-mailed a wide ustomer base with relative ease to promote special deals. It is seen as the cheapest method of booking a holiday, the LogicaCMG (a marketing body) has said that phone bookings typically cost about ? 30 to service. By contrast net bookings cost around 75p. One of the biggest online travel sites Expedia, took an initial knock from 11 September, but then saw its transaction volumes recover by 80-85% during October. â€Å"Like every travel company, we experienced a downturn, but we then recovered a lot more quickly than the traditional industry† said James Vaile, managing director of Expedia in the UK. Online travel sites are also well positioned to exploit the recent procrastination by consumers in booking holidays. People are booking later than usual in recent years and the internet is seen as the obvious and natural place to hunt down last-minute bargains. As this bar chart shows travel sales online rose rapidly from 2006-2007 and it is expected to continue to rise to over $30 billion. The consumers weren’t only using the internet to book their holidays but also to research and gain knowledge of the destinations they wanted to go to. The search engines were flooded with searches over cheap flights, accommodation and new destinations (as shown in the rankings). From the bar chart below it shows that web-search is the preferred method of obtaining travel information with it being preferred nearly twice as much as personal recommendation, the second most preferred method. This is then followed by TV programmes, but the travel agents became the fourth option of consumers to collect travel information. Web-searches are high due to people liking to make their own decisions at their own pace and this can’t be done in travel agents where they are pushed, poked and pressured. This is unpleasant for the consumer and has changed the trend in which consumers went to travel agents for advice, whereas now they would rather use the internet. As this pie chart to the left shows the internet has had a huge impact on the booking of a holiday, with 79% of all booked holidays using the internet in the process. Also, the internet has seen a large increase in the number of â€Å"last minute business as many tourists feel it is better-placed and they can search for the best priced, most suitable holidays or excursions. Furthermore, since the growth of the internet, online advertising has been used as a huge marketing tool, where holiday and travel providers can target large quantities of potential customers and keep advertising costs low. This has also been used to great effect as they appear to be a successful method and an efficient way of gaining business from the wallet-conscious consumers, whereas high street advertising receives less notice. Moreover, the internet has caused the high street travel agencies to close, therefore creating job losses within the businesses. This is mainly due to the fact that more people are booking direct with the holiday providers, thus cutting out the middle man and saving money by doing the research and booking themselves. This is usually done by using the internet or telephone booking where the overhead costs are much lower as an outlet has to be staffed and incur running costs such as electricity bills and also because of the larger volumes of people that are able to access the service. A recent example of this is was in 2001, when Airtours, the UK’s largest tour operator had to cut one-in-seven of its high street branches in an effort to return to profitability. According to finance director David Jardine, around 120 shops going under the name â€Å"Going Places† were closed as the business stated that they were finding there was an â€Å"increasing trend in customers wishing to book direct. On the other hand, online companies such as Expedia. com have seen their profits on the rise over the past few years as would be expected, although they had not anticipated such a large growth. For the last three months of 2001, Expedia saw its net income surge to $19m according to BBC News, compared with a loss of $2. 6m in the same quarter of 2000 and also the firms evenues were in excess of $80 million for 2001, over double that for 2000, showing how quickly it has established itself as an efficient internet booking service. So in conclusion online booking for travel has dramatically changed tourism in the world. It has provided a less time consuming, cost effective and an overall efficient/productive method in organising tourism which has seen triggered a rapid rise in sales. Airlines are now recovering after effects that were unforeseen. BAA Limited, formerly the British Airport Association said seven UK Airports handled a total of 11. m passengers in August 2006 making it a record summer with the highest number of passengers ever recorded over a two month period. BAA also revealed here was a 6. 8% increase in passenger traffic for the 12 months to August 31st 2006. Bigger discounts and better security could tempt more people to book holidays online, a LogicaCMG survey (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/technology/3939035. stm) found. However, the future of online booking although seen as prosperous can also turn, but due to the recovery in airline business they are starting to hit back. Prices are starting to rise and now you must book early to get the best price. The same survey revealed that online discounts were still not high enough to tempt potential customers onto travel websites and that the process was still too complicated for some consumers. A serious issue with online booking is the fear of fraud. Consumers are not convinced that any personal and financial information they hand over would be kept secure by online travel shops and this is slowing the potential growth that could occur otherwise. The Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) sees the online travel market having a long way to go before it replaces high street travel agents. ABTA estimates that by the end of 2007 online travel will be 17% of the UK’s ? 28bn travel market but this growth will only occur if trends continue as it relies on steadily growing numbers of people happy to book holidays online and as well as improvements in technology and the creation of better websites by travel firms. Issues over security, faults and complications need to be solved if this method of booking is to prosper. The travel industry although brash will always be around due to the need and want of consumers to travel. For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move.