COLL100 QUIZ 2 - 1491 Words

Question 1 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points What is the location of the page number on any APA formatted page? A.Top right hand side of the paper and in the header. B.Top left hand side of the paper and in the header. C.Bottom right hand side of the paper and in the footer. D.Bottom left hand side of the paper and in the footer. Question 2 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points If the copyright date of a source is not provided then you should A.simply not include the date in either the reference or citation. B.omit the date in the citation but use the acronym n.d. (no date) in the reference page. C.use the acronym n.d. (no date) in both the citation and reference. D.bold the source. Question 3 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Read this section of text from†¦show more content†¦D.All of the above. Feedback: (answer located on slide 2 of the Citations PowerPoint slide show) Question 11 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points From the APUS Plagiarism Policy (2014): â€Å"Plagiarism is the adoption or incorporation of another’s ideas without proper attribution of the source. It is more simply defined as taking the writings of another person or people and representing them to be one’s own† and, therefore: A.It is the student’s obligation to read, understand, and comply with the University System’s plagiarism policy. B.It is acceptable to use someone else’s paper and turn it in as your own. C.You only need to credit sources when writing a research paper, not any other format or style or writing. D.As long as you rearrange the words from another person or people you don’t have to give credit. Question 12 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points In an APA formatted reference, a journal name and the volume number of the journal are italicized. True False Feedback: (answer located in the Citation and Plagiarism PowerPoint, APA Guide from the APUS Library, and the Basics of APA Style Tutorial) Question 13 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points In an APA formatted paper the page containing information about the sources that were cited is titled _______________________. A.References B.Works Cited C.Compilation of Sources D.Bibliography Question 14 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Please read the following original text from the 2014 APUS Student

The Collapse of Ronan Point Free Essays

string(119) " level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level\." Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the perceived failures associated with the famous collapse of Ronan Point on 16 May, 1968. Following a gas explosion, an entire corner of the 22 storey tower block in East London collapsed, killing 4 people and injuring 17. In order to analyse the failures that occurred, the paper will firstly look at the history of the building, its design and construction, before looking at the collapse itself and the perceived failures that were identified after the event. We will write a custom essay sample on The Collapse of Ronan Point or any similar topic only for you Order Now The building was named after the chairman of the housing committee of the relevant London Borough, Newham, and was one of many tower blocks built during the 1960s in a budget-driven and affordable way to deal with the growing demand for affordable housing in the region (Levy and Salvadori 1992). The very ethos of this affordable housing and the use of cheaper materials and cheaper construction approaches is arguably one of the first and fundamental contributory factors to the disaster (Griffiths et al 1968). Design and Construction The actual design and construction of the building was mooted as far back as the end of World War II, when much of the housing available in the London region was destroyed as a result of the war and there was a rapid demand for a large amount of housing. Other factors such as a lack of skilled labourers, as well as the changing housing policy which enabled multi-stories to be established, created a demand for the design and construction of buildings such as the one in question here. A prefabricated construction technique was used which involved the creation of much of the high-rise building which was then transported to the area for final construction (Cagley, 2003). The actual construction approach that was used here was that of the Larsen-Nielsen system which was composed of factory-built, precast concrete components designed to minimise on-site construction work. Walls, floors and stairways are all precast. â€Å"All units, installed one-story high are load bearing† (ENR, 1968 at p.54). Although this system was tried and tested, the approach was not designed to be used in a building of more than 6 storeys high. However, the building of this tower block was 22 storeys high and there was no recognition, at the construction phase, that this could potentially jeopardise the validity of the construction technique. The basic construction approach involved a precast concrete structure frame, with each floor of the multi-storey building being supported by the load-bearing walls directly beneath each other, floor upon floor (Bignell et al 1977). Collapse The collapse itself happened at 5:45 am in the morning when the tenant of one of the apartments on the 18th floor lit a match, unbeknownst that there had been a gas leak overnight. By lighting the match, an explosion took place and this ended up damaging the load-bearing wall which was present on the 18th floor and was acting as the only support for the corner of the 19th floor. When the corner of the 19th floor collapsed, this had the effect of the 20th floor collapsing. Once the floors above had already collapsed the pressure on the floors became unbearable and the domino effect continued downward, destroying the entire corner of the building (Delatte, 2009). The way in which the collapse took place meant that, essentially, it destroyed a portion of the living room all the way down the building, but left the bedrooms intact in most cases, with the exception of floors 17 to 22 the room which were in the immediate vicinity of the explosion. It was on these floors that all of the fata lities happened and due to the fact that the explosion had taken place early in the morning, the majority of the individuals who were in their bedrooms were unaffected (Delatte, 2009). Perceived Failures When looking at the perceived failures and causes of failure, it can be seen that the analysis is largely split into two distinct areas: first, considering the immediate cause of failure; the second looking at the fundamental flaws in the design and construction of the building that allowed such a dramatic reaction to the immediate event (Griffiths et al 1968). The actual investigation into the event which took place involved a government panel which was formed in order to look at the causes of failure and to consider whether or not there were other buildings which potentially could suffer from a similar eventuality, in the future. As stated previously, the construction approach taken for Ronan Point was replicated in many other buildings, with eight other exact replicas in occupation. Therefore, establishing the reason for the collapse is crucially important (Pearson and Delatte, 2003) One of the key factors that took contributed in the immediate event itself was found to be a substandard connection used in order to connect the gas stove in the relevant apartment. Whilst this meant that the gas leak had presented itself in a way that would not have been likely, had they used a different connection, as well as having the incorrect connection, it was found that over tightening had occurred during installation. This probably weakened the connection and allowed gas to leak out. Despite this, the evidence gathered suggested that the explosion itself was not substantial, as there was no permanent damage to the hearing of the individual in the apartment. This suggests that relatively little pressure was involved, although there was sufficient pressure to move the external walls of the building and to create a progressive collapse within the building (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). Broadly speaking, the progressive collapse is thought to have occurred due to the fact that there was a lack of alternate load paths available and there was no support for the structural frame available on the higher floors (Wearne, 2000). This meant that when there was an explosion on level 18, this took out the only support so that the floors above level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level. You read "The Collapse of Ronan Point" in category "Essay examples" Perceived failures, can be split into two distinct categories, the first being the cause of the explosion itself; the second looking at the repercussions of the explosion, which were extensive, given the magnitude of the explosion, which was relatively low. Procedure and Project Management Unsurprisingly, as a result of the collapse here, building codes, guidelines and regulations were advised not only in the United Kingdom, but across the globe. The building regulations, changed in 1970, state that any building with more than four storeys needs to have a design structure in place that would resist a progressive collapse of this nature (Pearson and Delatte, 2005, pp. 175). Apart from the construction mechanisms themselves, there were also concerns that failures had occurred in the project management, as well as failures to check procedures. The gaps between the floors and in the walls meant that the building had not been established in a way that was part of the original design and planning. In addition to the actual failure in the design of the property, concerns were also raised in the report in relation to the need for quality control of the construction processes taking place. For example, it was proven that during the construction, certain design factors had been ignored, with unfilled gaps between the floors and walls, throughout the premises, which meant that the building had little in the way of separation between the flats. Furthermore, in high rise buildings of this type, a relatively narrow staircase is acceptable, as there is thought to be enough fire protection between the floors. In the absence of this fire protection, narrow staircases w ould be unacceptable, in the event of a fire or explosion of this nature. Key Failures The analysis above indicates that there are several failures which together created the dramatic collapse at Ronan Point. These are: social pressures on the construction company to establish a large amount of housing accommodation, rapidly and cheaply; the use of constructions not aimed at high storey buildings of this nature; failures to put in place methods whereby there was no secondary support structure in place, in the event of a failure with any of the load-bearing walls; failures with the processes being followed, which resulted in the wrong processes being followed in the connection of the gas pipes, as well as other omissions during the construction process, with the failure to follow the design provided. It can be seen, that the project management would have, at least in part, dealt with many of these failures and would have either prevented the explosion, in the first place, or would have seriously reduced the impact of the explosion, once it did take place. The crucial factor in this analysis is that the explosion itself was relatively minor, yet the repercussions were large and it is this chain of events that requires attention when it comes to better project management, in the future. Recommendations for Better Project Management Certain failures took place at the design phase, when the design construction of the premises was selected, yet was not entirely suitable for a 22 storey building. This was arguably the first and crucial failure which could have been avoided with further research into the limitations of this design. However, the main focus of the recommendations presented here is in relation to the project management process, from the point at which the design was presented for the construction, to the point at which the building was completed (Pearson and Delatte, 2005). At the outset, when the project team came together, there was an opportunity to run scenarios and to check the validity of the chosen construction, given the design that were being presented and the need to establish a 22 storey building. By running these types of scenarios, it is likely that it would become apparent that the chosen construction design was simply inappropriate. Even without this element of the project management being undertaken and risk assessments being carried out, the next stage of the project management should have involved a strong quality control check for every aspect of the work. The fundamental design of the building was proven to be flawed; however, there were also errors during the actual construction phase, for example the use of the wrong connections when it came to the gas pipes installed. Although this, in itself, did not lead to the catastrophic collapse of part of the building, it did create a minor gas explosion which started the chain of events. Quality control processes at every phase of construction and fitting would have potentially prevented the chain of events from emerging, in the first place (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). Next Steps and Conclusions Bearing this in mind, there are several proposed changes and next steps which could be taken to prevent a similar failure happening in the future. Firstly, although the design used was accepted during this era, it was known that it would simply not be appropriate for the type of building which was being planned. This should have been noted, at the outset, with additional safety structures then planed so as to prevent this type of progressive collapse from taking place. Secondly, worst-case scenarios should be run, at the outset, to enable the project managers to ascertain whether any weaknesses existed. Moreover, although the rest of collapse in this case resulted in the building being destroyed, it was also not able to withstand strong winds and this also, ultimately, could have resulted in the building becoming uninhabitable. By running scenarios, such as high winds or explosion, these issues would have been highlighted and changes in the design could have been incorporated, from the outset (Pearson and Delatte 2003). Finally, quality control during the construction process was also not suitable. This should have been done with much greater consistency, to ensure that the smaller processes, such as the fitting of connections, was carried out to an appropriate standard, thus preventing the minor incident that ultimately led to the overall disaster. By following these clear project management approaches and ensuring that an individual was put in place, in order to manage quality and control, as well as any variables in this area, the collapse of the building could have been avoided, or at least the cause of the collapse mitigated against, so as not to cause loss of life and injury. References Bignell, V., Peters, J., and Pym, C. (1977). Catastrophic failures. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, New York. Cagley, J. R. (2003, April). The design professional’s concerns regarding progressive collapse design. Building Sciences, 27, 4-6. Delatte, N. J. (2009). Beyond failure: Forensic case studies for civil engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 97-106. Engineering News Record (ENR). (1968). â€Å"Systems built apartment collapse.† ENR, May 23, 1968, 54. Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. G., and Saunders, O. (1968). Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Levy, M., and Salvadori, M. (1992). Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. W.W. Norton, New York, 76-83. Pearson, C., and Delatte, N. (2003). Lessons from the Progressive Collapse of the Ronan Point Apartment Tower. In Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Third Congress, edited by Paul A. Bosela, Norbert J. Dellate, and Kevin L. Rens, ASCE, Reston, VA., pp. 190-200. Pearson, C.,and Delatte, N. J. (2005) Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and Its Effect on Building Codes. J. Perf. of Constr. Fac., 19(2), 172-177. Shepherd, R., and Frost, J. D. (1995). Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation, and Geoenvironmental Case Studies, ASCE, New York. Wearne, P. (2000). Collapse: When Buildings Fall Down, TV Books, L.L.C., New York, 137-156. How to cite The Collapse of Ronan Point, Essay examples

Is Booking Travel over the Internet Causing the Decline of High Street Travel Agents free essay sample

Is booking travel over the internet causing the decline of high street travel agents? During the decade leading up to 2007, ways of buying tourism products as changed a lot. Ten years ago people choosing a holiday more often than not a package holiday, by going to the travel agent and choosing one from a number of brochures and after chatting with the travel agent. Many people still chose this method but a lot more people are buying packing holidays, more people now buy online, or over the telephone, through teletext. People tended to find it cheaper to and more flexible to buy their flights from one internet site, their accommodation from another and book a hire car with another site, rather than buying a package holiday out of a tour operators brochure. They are not always financially, protected when booking travel separately. Holidaymakers are turning their backs on the traditional high-street travel agent in favour of booking trips online, reports sundayherald. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Booking Travel over the Internet Causing the Decline of High Street Travel Agents? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page com. Between 2000 and 2004 there was an 11% drop in the number of bookings made at travel agents, with only 47% of overseas holidays now being reserved through a high street travel agency, according to figures from market researchers Mintel. Many people book breaks by phone, and just 31% of overseas trips were booked in person in 2004, says the report. The research shows that traditional sun, sand and sangria package holidays are the main type of trip booked on the high street, with just one in five domestic trips booked at travel agencies. Richard Cope, international travel analyst at Mintel, reportedly said consumer confidence in the internet was driving people away from booking in person. Mintels research shows that almost one in five UK holidays are now booked online, with consumers becoming increasingly confident about making their own travel arrangements. Mintel figures also indicated that, overall, more holidays are being taken. In 2004 65% of British people went on holiday, compared to 62% in 2000. Some 44% of holidaymakers now take more than one holiday a year, up 14% since 2000. Altogether, Britons took 43 million holidays abroad in 2004. http://www. m-travel. com/news/2005/10/number_of_booki. html Technological changes within tourism surround several different factors from medical advances to the innovative space tourism. Similar to tourism, technology is an ever changing and sometimes unstable business. Better communication, transport and safety have encouraged new consumers to the industry. Improvements in water supply, medicine and knowledge have meant areas are opened up which were not possible before technological advances. In today’s society in which a consumer wants easier, quicker and cheaper service only technology has helped tourism fulfil the customers demand. Another massive effect on tourism is the rapid increase in online booking that has given consumers more opportunity to make a holiday. Through technological advances, online booking has been one of the biggest factors in affecting tourism, leisure and recreation in today’s world. There were 37,600,000 Internet users in the United Kingdom (representing 62. % of the population) in March 2007, according to Internet World Stats. This was up by 144. 2% compared to 2000. (Internet World Stats, March 2007) and a new Google Survey has shown that surfing the web has topped watching television as Britain’s favourite past time. On average residents in the UK spend 164 minutes online every day compared to 148 minutes watching television (Daily Mail, Friday 10th March 2006). This shows how much the internet is now an integral part of life and has had an effect on other aspects influencing the tourism business. More and more people are now booking their holiday on the internet, as many people are looking for a better priced deal than they’re being offered by their travel agent. Both holiday and airline bookings have not dramatically rose in sales from the travel slump of 2001-02 due to the massive consequences of September 11th and the threat of terrorism which has increased (it saw similar slumps although smaller after the Madrid bombings and 7/7 terrorist attacks). The Iraq war, the SARS/bird flu epidemics and very consistent hot European summers have persuaded the usual long haul travellers to stay at home. This has seen a loss in sales and therefore profits causing one of the hardest aviation crises of the industry. The number of job cuts that were announced in 2003/04 was well over 100,000 according to BBC News, November 2005. Routes had been slashed and several European carriers were barely clinging to life. The turmoil in the industry went from Aer Lingus to XL Airways, but times were changing and the industry needed something new. Survival tactics started to emerge and online travel started to show evidence of bucking this gloomy trend. The Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), as cited in a May 21, 2002, Financial Times article had cited for many years that online spending was increasing and predicted it to triple at the end of the decade. Looking at e-commerce data overall, the firm counted travel as the biggest online sector, followed by electronic products and apparel. IMRG also said British shoppers were buying larger and more expensive goods online, such as furniture and kitchen appliances. This showed a large gap in the sub-market that needed to be exploited. Online Travel Spend ($bn) Europe N. AmericaU. K 20002. 4 6. 4 0. 20015. 8 11. 00 1. 8 200212. 7 18. 7 3. 7 Source: Datamonitor At the start of the boom these were seen as survival tactics by the airlines and the government also pushed for more progress in online booking to make the travel industry more prosperous. The economic realities forced travel companies to be more efficient in running their business. Websites, for example were able to promote the latest ticket prices, particularly at a time when they were being slashed on a day-to-day basis which was used to tempt travelers back into the air. Similarly travel sites e-mailed a wide ustomer base with relative ease to promote special deals. It is seen as the cheapest method of booking a holiday, the LogicaCMG (a marketing body) has said that phone bookings typically cost about ? 30 to service. By contrast net bookings cost around 75p. One of the biggest online travel sites Expedia, took an initial knock from 11 September, but then saw its transaction volumes recover by 80-85% during October. â€Å"Like every travel company, we experienced a downturn, but we then recovered a lot more quickly than the traditional industry† said James Vaile, managing director of Expedia in the UK. Online travel sites are also well positioned to exploit the recent procrastination by consumers in booking holidays. People are booking later than usual in recent years and the internet is seen as the obvious and natural place to hunt down last-minute bargains. As this bar chart shows travel sales online rose rapidly from 2006-2007 and it is expected to continue to rise to over $30 billion. The consumers weren’t only using the internet to book their holidays but also to research and gain knowledge of the destinations they wanted to go to. The search engines were flooded with searches over cheap flights, accommodation and new destinations (as shown in the rankings). From the bar chart below it shows that web-search is the preferred method of obtaining travel information with it being preferred nearly twice as much as personal recommendation, the second most preferred method. This is then followed by TV programmes, but the travel agents became the fourth option of consumers to collect travel information. Web-searches are high due to people liking to make their own decisions at their own pace and this can’t be done in travel agents where they are pushed, poked and pressured. This is unpleasant for the consumer and has changed the trend in which consumers went to travel agents for advice, whereas now they would rather use the internet. As this pie chart to the left shows the internet has had a huge impact on the booking of a holiday, with 79% of all booked holidays using the internet in the process. Also, the internet has seen a large increase in the number of â€Å"last minute business as many tourists feel it is better-placed and they can search for the best priced, most suitable holidays or excursions. Furthermore, since the growth of the internet, online advertising has been used as a huge marketing tool, where holiday and travel providers can target large quantities of potential customers and keep advertising costs low. This has also been used to great effect as they appear to be a successful method and an efficient way of gaining business from the wallet-conscious consumers, whereas high street advertising receives less notice. Moreover, the internet has caused the high street travel agencies to close, therefore creating job losses within the businesses. This is mainly due to the fact that more people are booking direct with the holiday providers, thus cutting out the middle man and saving money by doing the research and booking themselves. This is usually done by using the internet or telephone booking where the overhead costs are much lower as an outlet has to be staffed and incur running costs such as electricity bills and also because of the larger volumes of people that are able to access the service. A recent example of this is was in 2001, when Airtours, the UK’s largest tour operator had to cut one-in-seven of its high street branches in an effort to return to profitability. According to finance director David Jardine, around 120 shops going under the name â€Å"Going Places† were closed as the business stated that they were finding there was an â€Å"increasing trend in customers wishing to book direct. On the other hand, online companies such as Expedia. com have seen their profits on the rise over the past few years as would be expected, although they had not anticipated such a large growth. For the last three months of 2001, Expedia saw its net income surge to $19m according to BBC News, compared with a loss of $2. 6m in the same quarter of 2000 and also the firms evenues were in excess of $80 million for 2001, over double that for 2000, showing how quickly it has established itself as an efficient internet booking service. So in conclusion online booking for travel has dramatically changed tourism in the world. It has provided a less time consuming, cost effective and an overall efficient/productive method in organising tourism which has seen triggered a rapid rise in sales. Airlines are now recovering after effects that were unforeseen. BAA Limited, formerly the British Airport Association said seven UK Airports handled a total of 11. m passengers in August 2006 making it a record summer with the highest number of passengers ever recorded over a two month period. BAA also revealed here was a 6. 8% increase in passenger traffic for the 12 months to August 31st 2006. Bigger discounts and better security could tempt more people to book holidays online, a LogicaCMG survey (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/technology/3939035. stm) found. However, the future of online booking although seen as prosperous can also turn, but due to the recovery in airline business they are starting to hit back. Prices are starting to rise and now you must book early to get the best price. The same survey revealed that online discounts were still not high enough to tempt potential customers onto travel websites and that the process was still too complicated for some consumers. A serious issue with online booking is the fear of fraud. Consumers are not convinced that any personal and financial information they hand over would be kept secure by online travel shops and this is slowing the potential growth that could occur otherwise. The Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) sees the online travel market having a long way to go before it replaces high street travel agents. ABTA estimates that by the end of 2007 online travel will be 17% of the UK’s ? 28bn travel market but this growth will only occur if trends continue as it relies on steadily growing numbers of people happy to book holidays online and as well as improvements in technology and the creation of better websites by travel firms. Issues over security, faults and complications need to be solved if this method of booking is to prosper. The travel industry although brash will always be around due to the need and want of consumers to travel. For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move.

The Relationship betwen Masters & Slaves till 1861 essays

The Relationship betwen Masters & Slaves till 1861 essays The Relationship betwen Masters It is possible to say that the period between the end of the Revolution and the beginning of the Civil War was the most important in terms of the development of the so called " Peculiar Institution " of slavery. In order to define the changing master - slave relationship, one must look at the historical background to Southern slavery. The defining characteristics or outside influences provide the key to an understanding of the master - slave relationship during this period. __Slavery seemed a very mutable institution which changed constantly to adapt to the different situation. The main contention of this essay is that, what started off as an essentially economic institution in order to help boost production of staple crops like, cotton, sugar, and tobacco, developed into the definitive characteristic of the emerging Ante - Bellum South. As the Civil War seemed inevitable in 1861 one of the key questions was whether the South would be able to protect it's " Peculiar Institution." __Although slavery began in 1619, it was essentially confined _ à °7 3 _Ã…  to the Eastern seaboard states throughout the Seventeenth, and most of the eighteenth century. It wasn't until after the Revolution that slavery really became the major source of Southern labour. Due to the continuing geographical expansion in the South the mainstay of the economy became the growing of staple crops like, sugar, tobacco and, later cotton. Along with certain technological inventions made it seem more likely that the Southern economy was going to be based on slave labour. As Boles argues in _Black Southerners_ " before 1800 technological breakthroughs at both ends of the South made possible the remarkably rapid rise of a slave-staple crop society in the deep South." _1_ __At the end of the Revolutionary period in 1790 there were 657,527 slaves, and by 1810 there were 1,163,854 _2_ This massive expansion ...

How to Approach Identifying Sentence Errors SAT Writing Strategies

How to Approach Identifying Sentence Errors SAT Writing Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Note:The current version of the SAT no longerincludes this type of question. For up-to-date SAT writing tips, check out our top guide here. Identifying Sentence Errors (ISE) questions, which ask you to pick the error in a sentence out of four underlined sections, seem like they should be the easiest part of the SAT Writing section. After all, you only have to find the error, you don't have to fix it. The test writers, however, are extremely adept at camouflagingthe mistake in each sentence- if you don't know what to look for, you can easily find yourselfassuming there's no error in as many ashalf of the sentences. As such, it's vital that you take a systematic approach to the Identifying Sentence Errors questions. If you count on spotting the error by simply glancingover the sentenceor by lookingfor sections that "sound" weird, you'll miss a lot of questions. In this post, I'm going to detail themost effectiveapproach to these questions and the common errorsyou need to look for: Step-by-step Identifying Sentence Errors strategy Full breakdown of errors to check for Walkthrough of real ACT questions Summary of key Identifying Sentence Errors tips General Strategy for ISE Questions As I mentioned above, you absolutely must have a standardized approach to these questions. Following the three steps below will help you efficiently and reliably determine the answer to ISE questions. #1: Read the Sentence All the Way Through The first step to answering an ISE question is always to read the entire sentence- even if you think the error is choice A make sure to read all the way to the end. This approach will help prevent you from falling into traps. Once you've read through the whole sentence, the error may jump out at you, especially on the earlier, easier questions.Before marking anything down, however, make sure you can articulate why the underlined word or phrase is wrong. Many answers may sound odd without being incorrect. It can also help to double check the other choices to ensure that they're all correct. If you don't find the error, then move onto step 2! #2: Check Each Underlined Portion If you don't find a verifiable error the first time through, then you need to check each underlined section individually. Look at each answer and consider what the possible errors are. For example, if you're looking at underlined verb, you'll want to check if there's an issue with tense or agreement. As you may havesurmised, this step requires a solid knowledge of what concepts these questions actually test. I've created a checklistof errors tolook for below, and you can take look at a full breakdown ofwhat the SAT Writing actually tests. Make sure to eliminate the answer that don't have an error. #3: Confirm Why the WordYou Picked is Wrong It's not enough to pick an answer because it sounds weird or because it's not the word you would use. In order to be the answer, it has to be wrong according to the rules of SAT Writing. (The one semi-exception to this rule isidiom questions,which revolve around common usage rules.) As such, you need to be able to explain what error the answer you picked contains. If you can't do so, it's probably not the right choice. What Errors to Look for in EachSection of the Sentence As I noted in step 2 of the general strategy, it's vital that you know what errors to check for. To help you think through the best way to look for these errors, I've created a full breakdown of the questions you'll want to ask yourself bywhat type of wordis underlined. This list is very long and probably seems overwhelming, but don't panic! You don't need to memorize the whole thing- instead it's meant as study aid. First, make sure you're familiar with all the concepts on the list: if anything looks unfamiliar, just click the link. Then, use this printable version to work through a few ISEsections, to help you get the hang of what errors to look for. When you first try this, it will probably take a really long time. With practice, you'll get much faster though. Finally, keep the list handy for when you review your answers- use the list to go back through the questions and find the error you missed. If nothing else, keep in mind these twokey points: Check each underlined section independently Start with verbs and pronouns Full Error Checklist This checklist outlines the questions you need to ask about each part of speechor common category of word. I've also marked when a specific issue is especially rare (though these topics do still appear). The word types are arranged in the order you should check them, though not every question will be relevant in a given sentence. Keep in mind that some underlined sections may contain more than one type of word: the most common such pairs are pronoun/verb, adverb/adjective, and verb/pronoun combos. When you see these, just check each part. #1: Verbs Is the verb in the correct form and tense? Does itagree with the subject? #2: Pronouns Does the pronounagree with the noun it's replacing? Is it in the correct case? #3: Gerunds (-ing verbs) Is the gerund replacing a main verb and creating a sentence fragment? Is it part of a list that isn't parallel? Has it been incorrectly switched with an infintive? #4: Prepositions Is the preposition idiomatically correct? Does it incorrectly complete a word pair? #5:Adjectives and Adverbs Is themodifier of the correct type? Are -er and -est used appropriately? (Rare) #6: Conjunctions Is the conjunction creating a sentence fragment? Does it logicallyconnectideas? #7:Nouns Is the noun part of a faulty comparison? Is the sentence consistent in its use of plural andsingular nouns? (Rare) #8:Relative pronouns (who, which, that, etc.) Is the correct pronoun used for the context? Does the pronoun have a clear noun antecedent? Other issues to watch out for "Any" underlined often indicates an illogical comparison The presence of comparison words like "than," "like," and "as" also tends to indicate illogical comparisons A sentence with a list often hasa parallelism issue Make sure to watch for redundancy: the use of different two words Concepts thatWon'tBe Tested on the Identifying Sentence Errors There are a number of grammar concepts that students are often concerned or uncertain about that aren't actually tested by the ISE questions. Let's go over these, so that you can have fewerthings to worry about as you prepare! Writing style One of the most challenging aspects of the ISE questions is that the sentences are often phrased in unusual ways that sounds like they could be wrong but usually aren't. Once again, remember that an choice is only correct if you can articulate the error it includes. I've collected some of the common words and phrases that often trip students up but are perfectly acceptable below: a means of long since alike that, whether, and what + a noun (e.g. "That book was boring" or "Whether he likes it or not isn't the question." Who vs. whom Although many students are concerned about the difference between "who" and "whom," the SAT doesn't test that concept: you will never see "who" where you need "whom" or vice versa.Instead of worrying about swapping one for the other, focus on whether the pronoun is correctly referring to a person. Pronoun order Because of the way pronouns are taught in school, it's very common for students to be concerned about the order of pronouns connected by "and" or "or" (e.g. "me and him" vs. "him and me"), but the SAT doesn't test this concept. As long as thepronouns are in the correct case and agree with the words they're replacing, it doesn't matter what order they're in. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns, the weird words like "herself" and "myself," tend toseem wrong, since many students don't know much about them. However, on SAT Writing, these words are usually used correctly. If you see one that's underlined, just make sure that the pronoun agrees with the noun it's replacing (e.g. the sentence doesn't use "himself" when talking about a woman). Practice is the key to success on SAT Writing. SAT Examples: Putting the Strategies into Practice I've collected some Identifying Sentence Errors questions from real SATs. For each, I'll walk through the process one step at a time so you can get a sense of how best to approach these questions. Because there are so many different concepts involved in answering these questions, I don't go into very much depth with any of them. If you're uncertain about the details of a specific topic, check out the links above. Example 1 Step 1: Read the whole sentence When going through this sentence, you mightnotice that it'sactually a fragment.If so, the next step would beto determine which underlined part could be changed to fix that issue- that's the correct choice. (Hint: the sentence is currently missing a verb.) However, let's assume you're not sure what the problem is and move onto step two. Step 2: Check each answer choice As I noted above, it's quickest to go through the answers by starting with the types of words most likely to have an error. There aren't any verbs or nouns underlined, so we'll look at B, "containing," which is a gerund, first. The three main gerund issues are parallelism, idiomatic usage, and fragments. Let's go through them one at a time. Is the gerundpart of a list or comparison? No. Therefore, it can't have a parallelismerror. Would the sentence be clearer if you switched the gerund (-ing verb) for an infinitive(to + verb)? Let's check: Formed by volcanic eruptions over the last five million years, the Hawaiian Islandsto containan incredibly wide variety of species- many found nowhere else on Earth. That version doesn't seem obviously clearer, so it's probably not an idiom error. Does the gerund create a fragment?Let's look at just the main clauseof the sentence: the Hawaiian Islandscontainingan incredibly wide variety of species This is clearly a fragment. The gerund "containing" should be replaced with the conjugated verb "contain." As such, B is the correct answer choice. Step 3: Confirm what the error in your answer is Choice B is the answer because it creates a fragment rather than a complete sentence. Moreover, a quick look over the other answer choices confirms that none of them contain an error: A and D are idiomatically correct prepositions andC is an appropriately used adjective/adverb combo. Example 2 Step 1: Read the whole sentence Reading this sentence, I don't notice anything jump out, although D sounds kind of weird. Even if that answer seems tempting we can't pick it until we determine what the error is. Step 2: Check each answer choice First let's check B for errors, since it includes both a pronoun and verb. In general, if you see a pronoun/verb combo underlined, any errors will be with the pronoun (since the verb's conjugation is dependent on the subject pronoun), but make sure to confirm that the verb works. Let's go through the possible errorsfor choice B one at a time. Is the pronoun in the correct case? Yes. "It" is acting as subject for the verb "makes," which is perfectly acceptable. Does the pronoun agree with its antecedent? Yes. "It" is standing in for "the common cold," which is a singular non-gendered noun. Is the verb correctly conjugated?Yes. "It" is a singular pronoun and "makes" is a singular verb. Is the verb in the correct tense? Yes. It's in the present tense, which is consistent with the rest of the sentence and the fact that it is making a general true statement about the common cold. We can now officially declare choice B error free and rule it out. Written out in detail, that process was a complicated, time-consuming one, but with practice you'll be able to do it much more quickly. Let's move on to choice D, "you and me," which also includes pronouns. This section sounds a little weird, but remember that pronoun order doesn't matter- we only need to check agreement and case, like we did above. Do the pronouns agree with theirantecedents?There's no agreement issue, since the pronouns are referring to the person who is saying the sentence and the person he or she is peaking to (even though both of them are abstract). Are the pronouns in the correct case?This question is a bit trickier. It would sound just fine to replace "me" with "I"- "it makes no distinction between you and I"- but "between" is a preposition, so the object case "me" is correct. Although D sounds odd, it doesn't contain an error. We can eliminate it and move onto C, which includes a noun and preposition. We'll check the preposition first since it's more likely to include an error. Is the preposition idiomatically correct?Yes. "Distinction between" is a common expression. Does it incorrectly complete a word pair?No. "Between" is correctly followed by two prepositions connected by "and." Is the noun part of a faulty comparison? No. "Distinction" isn't being compared to anything. Is the sentence consistent in its use of plural andsingular nouns?Yes. There's no issue with agreement. Since we didn't find any issues with C, we'll move onto checking the last answer, A, "one of our most." Given the many different types of words in this phrase, it doesn't make sense to check them all individually (the pronoun, for example, is clearly correct), so we'll just consider some of the bigger potential issues. Is the phraseidiomatically correct?Yes. "One of our most indiscriminate diseases" is a clear and acceptable phrase. Is the superlative/comparative correct? Yes. The common cold is being compared toall of the other diseases, so "most" is the correct word choice. We can conclude that there is no error in A, so we've ruled out all the choices, leaving only E, "no error." Step 3: Confirm what the error in your answer is This sentence doesn't have an error, so the correct answer is E. Image: Allan Foster/Flickr Example 3 Step 1: Read the whole sentence The first time through, this sentence probably seems fine. Ideally, you wouldnoticethe "any" in choice D, since that word is often a clue for an illogical comparison, but it's perfectly fine if you don't. Step 2: Check each answer choice We'll start with A, which is a verb. Is the verb correctly conjugated?Yes. The subject "builders" is pluraland "construct" is a pluralverb. Is the verb in the correct tense?Yes. The present tense is consistent throughout the sentence. Next let's move on to the preposition/noun combo in choice B. Is the preposition idiomatically correct?Yes. "Houses of stone" is a completely acceptable construction. Does it incorrectly complete a word pair?"Of"isn't part of a pair here, so we can just skip this one and go straight to the noun. Is the noun part of a faulty comparison? No. "Stone" isn't being compared to anything. Is the sentence consistent in its use of plural andsingular nouns? No other noun in the sentence refers to the same thing, so there's no issue with agreement. There's no error in choice B, so we can rule it out and move onto choice C, which is the adverb "still." Is themodifier of the correct type? "Still" is describing when the builders use the hammer, so it's correct as an adverb. Are -er and -est used appropriately? There's no superlative or comparison used, so we can skip this question. Finally, let's check choice D. "Tool" is a noun and "any" often indicates a comparison error so let's start by checking for that. Is the noun part of a faulty comparison? The underlined phrase comes immediately after "than," which indicates a comparison. We need to determine what "any tool" is being compared to: it's "the hammer." That comparison seem fine, but it actually includes an error. A hammer is a tool, so it must be compared with anyother tool, rather than just "any tool." D is the answer. Step 3: Confirm what the error in your answer is Choice D is the answer because it creates an illogical comparison. We've also definitely ruled out the otherchoices (except no error). Example 4 Step 1: Read the whole sentence It's possible to spot the error in this sentence right away, but most students don't. Let's go straight to step 2. Step 2: Check each answer choice Once again we start with the verbs, which are in choices A and C. When there are two portions that seem equally likely to contain an error, I generallycheck them in order. Let's look at A, "are truly," first. Is the verb in the correct tense?Yes. The present tense is used consistently throughout the passage. Is the verb conjugated correctly?To determine whether the subject and verb agree, we need to figure out what the subject is. It's tempting to assume that it's "goby fish and striped shrimp" but the compound noun is actually part of the prepositional phrase "betweengoby fish and striped shrimp."(Besides, fishcan't be symbiotic.) Instead, the correct subject is "the relationship." This noun is singular, so the plural verb "are" doesn't agree. A has an error. Step 3: Confirm what the error in your answer is Choice A is the answer because the verb doesn't agree with its subject. A quick review of the other three choices shows that there are no errors in the other options: they sound slightly odd, but the verb is conjugated correctly and the prepositions make sense. Image: Anne Worner/Flickr Round-Up of Strategies and Tips for ISE Questions Now that we've gone through the best ISE approach in detail and put it into practice on some examples, let's review some of the mainpoints that you'll want to keep in mind for your SAT study. As complicated as the process may seem, it will get much easier with practice. But if you're really struggling, even just keeping a few of the simple rules in mind will boost your score. KeyIdentifying Sentence Errors Strategies Always read the entire sentence When looking for the error, examine each choice individually Check verbs and pronouns first, since they're the most likely to include errors When an answer choice contains more than one type of word, check both Don't be afraid to pick E, "no error," if you've ruled out all the other choices Always make sure you can explain what errorthe answer contains Even if you think you know the answer, quickly check the other choicesto confirm HelpfulIdentifying Sentence Errors Tips Watch for comparisons and lists as you readthe sentence; both oftencreate errors when they appear "Any" often indicates a faulty comparison Longer phrases are less likely to contain an error What's Next? Make sure you know how to approach the other types of SAT Writing questions- Improving Sentences and Improving Paragraphs- as well. Don't forget the essay!Here are some tips for boosting your score, a step-by-step guide, and strategies for getting a perfect 12. Finally, check out some key big-picture strategies, like these4secrets to acing SAT Writing and these tipsfrom a perfect scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Communicating Across Organizational Boundaries Assignment

Communicating Across Organizational Boundaries - Assignment Example This paper, therefore, provides some of the considerations to be put into place when communicating with colleagues from this country. One of the communication aspects to recognize while in Baghdad is the religion or religious practices of Baghdad inhabitants. Islamic religion dominates almost all parts of the Middle East countries. It is, therefore, necessary to put into consideration the aspect of religious norms whenever you are communicating with colleagues from Baghdad. A Muslim as per the Koran is someone who has accepted Islamic religion and is willing to live his whole life in accordance to the Islamic teachings. It is also necessary to note that Islamic communication aspects are often unique. Therefore, they usually engage in the use of body language whenever they communicate (Emmitt & Gorse, 2003). Muslims believe in showing much respect to one another; therefore, shouting when talking should be totally avoided when engaging in an ordinary conversation with them. Islamic greeting cordially embroils the use of theological terms like â€Å"may peace of the lord be upon you or may God’s blessings be with you† (Hartig, 2011). It is, therefore, highly important to consider these aspects of salutations whenever you are communicating to a colleague from Baghdad. Cultural practices also play a significant role in communication. It is, therefore, necessary to consider Islamic cultural beliefs when communicating with a person from Baghdad. Some languages may be ordinarily used in other countries, but while in Baghdad, these languages are taboos and unpleasant to the ears of Baghdad’s inhabitants. Culture refers to a people’s way of life including their language practices, foods they eat, values and norms (Emmitt & Gorse, 2003). In most cases, Islamic communication aspect of culture is often upheld especially when communicating with elders. Most Muslims uphold a higher integrity of communication values that involve respect for the

In general Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In general - Essay Example In the original work, an author tends to own the writing by mentioning his name in it. The writer is responsible for the authenticity of information and is liable for consequences in case, the information is invalid. On the other hand, a plagiarized work lacks ownership. A reader can not believe that the writer had faith in the information he/she has included while plagiarizing in the paper. Originality in writing shows the author’s individualistic contribution in widening and deepening the sea of knowledge, whereas an individual who plagiarizes creates whirlpools in this sea. The most fundamental difference between originality and plagiarism is that the former gives birth to knowledge whereas the latter is a literary theft. Moreover, originality is clear whereas plagiarism often gets too blurred a concept to be put into black and white (â€Å"Types of Plagiarism†). For example, many times, the same old ideas have to be repeated in a new paper. If the language is suffic iently changed so as to remove the originality but the meaning is kept unchanged, would it not be a theft of idea? Different people have different answers to this question. Difference between description and analysis: Description is a straight mention of facts about a thing, matter, incident or anything.